‫ﺍﻟﺪﻡ - ‪ ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺍﻹﻳﻘﺎﻅ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ

ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‪ 

‫‪ .  ‬ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‪ ‬ﻳﻨﻘﻞ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍء‪ ‬ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ‪ ‬ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ‪ ‬ﺃﺣﻤﺮ ‪ ‬ﻟﺰﺝ ‪ ‬ﺗﻘﺪﺭ ‪ ‬ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪ ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ‪ ‬ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻥ ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﻤﻞ ‪ ‬ﺑﺒﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪ 5 ‬ﻭ‪ 6 ‬ﻟﺘﺮﺍﺕ‪ ‬ﻭﻳﺪﻭﺭ ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‪ ‬ﺃﺟﺰﺍء‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‪ ‬ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‪ ‬ﺃﻭﻋﻴﺔ‪ ‬ﺩﻣﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪

 ‬ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ‪ ‬ﺟﻬﺎﺯ‪ ‬ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‪ ‬ﻣﻦ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ‪ ‬ﻭ‪ ‬ﺍﻷﻭﻋﻴﺔ‪ ‬ﺩﻣﻮﻳﺔ‬

 ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ‪ : ‬ﻳﻀﺦ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‪ ‬ﺑﺼﻮﺭ‪ ‬ﻣﻨﺘﻈ‪ ‬ﻤﺔ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‪ ‬ﺃﻧﺤﺎءﺍﻟﺠ‪ ‬ﺴﻢ‪ ‬ﻓﻴﺤﻘﻖ‪ ‬ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‪ ‬ﺷﻜﻠﻪ ‪ ‬ﺧﺮﻃﻮﻣﻲ ‪ , ‬ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ‪ ‬ﻣﻦ‪ ‬ﻗﺴﻤﻴﻦ‪ ‬ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠ‪ ‬ﻴ‪ ‬ﻦ ‪ ‬ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ‪ ‬ﻋﻦ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺗﻤﺎﻡ‪ ‬ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ‪ ‬ﺑﺠﺪﺍﺭ‪ ‬ﻭ‪ ‬ﻳﺘﺮﻛﺐ‪ ‬ﻛﻞ‪ ‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ‬ﻣﻦ‪ ‬ﺍﺫﻳﻦ‪ ‬ﻭﺑﻄﻴﻦ‪ ‬ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ‪ ‬ﺑﻴﻦ‪ ‬ﺍﻷﺫﻳﻨﺔ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻭ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺒﻄﻴﻨﺔ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﻛﻞ‪ ‬ﺟﻬﺔ‪ ‬ﺻﻤﺎﻡ‪ ‬ﺃﻭ‪ ‬ﻣﺼﺎﺭﻉ‪ ‬ﻳﻤﻨﻊ‪ ‬ﺭﺟﻮﻉ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‪ ‬ﻣﻦ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺒﻄﻴﻦ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻻﺫﻳﻨﺔ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻻﻭﻋﻴﺔ ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ‪ ‬ﻳﺠﺮﻱ ‪ ‬ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟ‪ ‬ﺪﻡ ‪ ‬ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ‬ﺍﻻﻋﻀﺎء ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ ‪ ‬ﺃﻭﻋﻴﺔ ‪ ‬ﺩﻣﻮﻳﺔ ‪ ‬ﻭﻫﻲ ‪ ‬ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‪ : ‬ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﻳﻴﻦ‪ ‬ﻭ‪ ‬ﺍﻻﻭﻋﻴﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‪ ‬ﻭ‪ ‬ﺍﻻﻭﺭﺩﺓ‬ ‫

‪ .

 ‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‬ :‫‪ ‬ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‪ ‬ﻣﻦ‪ ‬ﺟﺰ‪‬ﺃﻳ‪ ‬ﻦ‪ ‬ﺃﺣﺪﻫﻤﺎ‪ ‬ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‪ ‬ﻭ‪ ‬ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪ ‬ﺻﻠﺐ‪. ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰء‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ‪ ‬ﻳﻤﺜﻞ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﺎ‪ ‬ﻭﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ‪ ‬ﻧﻘﻞ‪ ‬ﺍﻷ‪ ‬ﻏﺬﻳﺔ‪ ‬ﺇﻟﻰ‪ ‬ﻛﻞ‪ ‬ﺟﺰء‪ ‬ﻣﻦ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺃﺟﺰﺍ‪ ‬ء‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‪ ‬ﻛﻤﺎ‪ ‬ﺗﺘﻨﻘﻞ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺮﺍء‪ ‬ﻭ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎء‪. ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰء‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ‪ ‬ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺮﺍء‪ ‬ﻭ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎء‪. ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺮﺍء‪ : ‬ﻫﻲ‪ ‬ﺃﻗﺮﺍﺹ‪ ‬ﻣﺴﺘﺪﻳﺮﺓ‪ ‬ﻣﻘﻌﺮﺓ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻬﻴﻦ‪ ‬ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‪ ‬ﻧﻮﺍﺓ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻳﺤﻴﻂ‪ ‬ﺑﻬﺎ‪ ‬ﻏﻼﻑ‪ ‬ﻳﺘﻠﻮﻥ‪ ‬ﺑﺎﻷﺣﻤﺮ‪ ‬ﻭ‪ ‬ﻣﺮﻥ‪ ‬ﻟﻪ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ‪ ‬ﻋﻠﻰ‪ ‬ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ‪ . ‬ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ‪ ‬ﺗﻨﻘﻞ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤ‪ ‬ﻤﺮﺍء‪ ‬ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ‪ ‬ﻣﻦ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺮﺋﺘﻴﻦ‪. ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎء‪ : ‬ﻫﻲ‪ ‬ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻡ‪ ‬ﻛﺮﻭﻳﺔ‪ ‬ﻏﻴﺮ‪ ‬ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪ ‬ﻟﻬﺎ‪ ‬ﻧﻮﺍﺓ‪ ‬ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ‪ ‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ . ‬ﻭﻫﻲ‪ ‬ﺃﻛﺒﺮ‪ ‬ﺣﺠﻤﺎ‪ ‬ﻣﻦ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺮﺍء‪ ‬ﻭ‪ ‬ﺃﻗﻞ‪ ‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ‬ﻋﺪﺩﺍ‪. ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ‪ : ‬ﺗﺪﺍﻓﻊ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎء‪ ‬ﻋﻦ‪ ‬ﺟﺴﻢ‪ ‬ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬

‫‪ ‬ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ‪ ‬ﺻﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻱ‪ ‬ﻣﻌﺮﺽ‪ ‬ﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺩﺙ‪ ‬ﻣﻦ‪ ‬ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ · ‬ﻗﻄﻊ‪ ‬ﺍﻷﻭﻋﻴﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‪ ‬ﺗﺴﺒﺐ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻨﺰﻳﻒ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ · ‬ﺃﻣﺮﺍﺽ‪ ‬ﺍﻷﻭﻋﻴﺔ‪ ‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪ ‬ﺗﺼﻠﺐ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﻨﺰﻳﻒ‪ : ‬ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪ ‬ﻧﻮﻉ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻨﺰﻳﻒ‪ ‬ﺑﺎﺧﻨﻼﻑ‪ ‬ﺍﻷﻭﻋﻴﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‪ ‬ﻳﻘﻊ‪ ‬ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺗﻘ‪ ‬ﻄﻊ‪ ‬ﺃﻭ‪ ‬ﺍﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭ‪: ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬ﻧﺰﻳﻒ‪ ‬ﺷﻌﻴﺮﻱ‪ ‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻑ‪ ‬ﻭ‪ ‬ﻫﻮ‪ ‬ﻻ‪ ‬ﻳﺸﻜﻞ‪ ‬ﺧﻄﻮﺭﺓ‪ ‬ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ‬ ‫‪  ‬ﻧﺰﻳﻒ‪ ‬ﻭﺭﻳﺪﻱ‪ ‬ﻳﺴﺒﺐ‪ ‬ﺧﺮﻭﺝ‪ ‬ﺩﻡ‪ ‬ﻗﺎﺗﻢ‪ ‬ﻭﻫﻮ‪ ‬ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪  ‬ﻧﺰﻳﻒ ‪ ‬ﺷﺮﻳﺎﻧﻲ ‪ ‬ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ‪ ‬ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ‪ ‬ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ‪ ‬ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ‪ ‬ﻣﻦ ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻲ ‪ ‬ﻭﻫﻮ ‪ ‬ﺃﻛﺜﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺧﻄﻮﺭﺓ‪. ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺗﺠﻨﺐ‪ ‬ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺓ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‪ ‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‪ ‬ﺗﻀﻌﻒ‪ ‬ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎء‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ‬ﻛﻤﺎ‪ ‬ﺗﺘﺴﺒﺐ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﺗﺼﻠﺐ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺗﺠﻨﺒﺎﻟﺘﺪﺧﻴﻦ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‪ ‬ﻳﺆﺩﻱ‪ ‬ﺇﻟﻰ‪ ‬

ﺍﺿﻄﺮ‪ ‬ﺍﺑﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﻗﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ‪ ‬ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﺔ‪ ‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺮ‪ ‬ﻋﻠﻰ‪ ‬ﺍﻷﻗﺪﺍﻡ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻄﻠﻖ‪...‬‬